The mode of action of the meta-diamides was demonstrated to be distinct from that of conventional noncompetitive antagonists (NCAs) such as fipronil, picrotoxin, lindane, dieldrin, and α-endosulfan. In two recent studies, our group investigated the physiological and molecular aspects of endosulfan action using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo analyses. High mammalian toxicity, and especially high dermal toxicity, were hallmarks of the polychlorocycloalkanes. Modes of action are colour-coded according to the physiological functions affected. Mechanism of action of endosulfan as disruptor of gonadal steroidogenesis in the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus. Examples include chlordane, endrin, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan. Endosulfan exists as two (α and β) isomers that can be metabolized to endosulfan sulfate and endosulfan diol. Pyrethroids. Endosulfan is a broad-spectrum organochlorine pesticide, speculated to be detrimental to human health in areas of active exposure. Author links open overlay panel Rodrigo H. Da Cuña a Graciela Rey Vázquez a Luciana Dorelle a Enrique M. Rodríguez b Renata Guimarães Moreira c … They are stable in sunlight and do not degrade quickly. GABAergic. Mode of Action, Toxicity and Biodegradation of Organchlorinated Pesticides: ... Endosulfan was 0.24 - 1.51 mg kg-1 and 0.13 - 12.67 mg kg-1 in rainfed and irrigated areas, respectively. ... Only the more biodegradable materials lindane and endosulfan are still applied, but their uses are being phased out. Table 2.5 Top use patterns for endosulfan for selected years from 1990 to 2002 41 Table 2.6 Historical usage of endosulfan for 1994 (1st period) and 1995-1997 (2nd period) 43 Table 2.7 Historical usage of endosulfan for 1998-2004 (3rd period) and 2005-2006 (4th period) 44 The organochlorine pesticide endosulfan (ES) is used in several countries as a wide spectrum insecticide on crops with high commercial value. ... Endosulfan toxicity occurs by blocking the chloride channels associated with . They disrupt nerve-impulse transmission, which stimulates nerve cells and eventually leads to paralysis. However, the molecular insights to its mechanism of action remain poorly understood. This informs the symptomology, speed of action and other properties of the actives therein and not for any resistance management purpose. As of December 2016, the use of endosulfan was not permitted. Use SelfDecode to get personalized health recommendations based on your genes. Due to its high toxicity to non-target animals, its persistence in the environment and its ability to act as an endocrine disrupting compound in fish, ES use is currently banned or restricted in many other countries. Base rotations for resistance management on the mode of action number only. Mode of Action: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. The mode of action of the veratrum alkaloids is similar to that of the pyrethroids. 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