[158], Mobile phone service in the islands is provided by Vodafone (formerly TVL)[159] and Digicel. [135] There is substantial fishing activity, although this industry does not bring in much foreign exchange. [32][45] The movement gained a large following, prompting a crackdown by the authorities, with Buluk and Stevens being arrested in 1967. Government and society in Vanuatu tend to divide along linguistic French and English lines. [109][110], Cyclone Pam is possibly the worst natural disaster in Vanuatu's history. Port Vila and three other centres have campuses of the University of the South Pacific, an educational institution co-owned by twelve Pacific countries. [32] The Convention of 16 October 1887 established a joint naval commission for the sole purpose of protecting French and British citizens, with no claim to jurisdiction over internal native affairs. [99] In 2015, the United Nations University gave Vanuatu the highest natural disaster risk of all the countries it measured. In the north, wealth is established by how much one can give away, through a grade-taking system. The economy grew about 6% in the early 2000s. The ni-Vanuatu are primarily (98.5%) of Melanesian descent, with the remainder made up of a mix of Europeans, Asians and other Pacific islanders. [171] Villagers of the Yaohnanen tribe believed in an ancient story about the pale-skinned son of a mountain spirit venturing across the seas to look for a powerful woman to marry. The national Council of Chiefs, called the Malvatu Mauri and elected by district councils of chiefs, advises the government on all matters concerning ni-Vanuatu culture and language. The principal languages of education are English and French. Since 1980, Australia, the United Kingdom, France and New Zealand have provided the bulk of Vanuatu's development aid. Pigs, particularly those with rounded tusks, are considered a symbol of wealth throughout Vanuatu. In mid-2002, the government stepped up efforts to boost tourism. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties and a 15% VAT on goods and services. The fourteen of Vanuatu's islands that have surface areas of more than 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) are, from largest to smallest: Espiritu Santo, Malakula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentecost, Epi, Ambae or Aoba, Gaua, Vanua Lava, Maewo, Malo and Aneityum or Anatom. [12], Notable Lapita sites include Teouma on Éfaté, Uripiv and Vao off the coast of Malakula, and Makue on Aore. [14][37] Hostilities between settlers and Ni-Vanuatu were commonplace, often centring on disputes over land which had been purchased in dubious circumstances. Vanuatu has joined the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique, la Francophonie and the Commonwealth of Nations. The ant species of some of the islands of Vanuatu were catalogued by E. O. Popular genres of modern commercial music, which are currently being played in the urban areas include zouk music and reggaeton. [108], In March 2015, Cyclone Pam impacted much of Vanuatu as a Category 5 severe tropical cyclone, causing deaths and extensive damage to all the islands. [32] In an effort to curb the worst of the abuses, and with the support of the missionaries, the Condominium's authority was extended via the Anglo-French Protocol of 1914, although this was not formally ratified until 1922. Reggaeton, a variation of Dancehall Reggae spoken in the Spanish language, played alongside its own distinctive beat, is especially played in the local nightclubs of Port Vila with, mostly, an audience of Westerners and tourists. The campus in Port Vila, known as the Emalus Campus, houses the University's law school. The four mainstays of the economy are agriculture, tourism, offshore financial services, and raising cattle. When there is more … More recently the music of Vanuatu, as an industry, grew rapidly in the 1990s and several bands have forged a distinctive ni-Vanuatu identity. The nineteen species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate. [32][52][53], A compromise was eventually brokered, a Government of National Unity formed under a new constitution, and fresh elections held in November 1979, which the VP won with a comfortable majority. [32], Meanwhile French settlers, and Francophone and mixed-race Ni-Vanuatu, established two separate parties on a platform of more gradual political development - the Mouvement Autonamiste des Nouvelles-Hébrides (MANH), based on Espiritu Santo, and the Union des Communautés des Nouvelles-Hébrides (UCNH) on Efate. The EEZ, or exclusive economic zone, is 200 nautical miles from a host nation’s coastline that allows them access to all natural resources within that zone. [154] There are substantial numbers of crop gardens – 97,888 in 2007 – many on flat land (62%), slightly hilly slope (31%), and even on steep slopes (7%); there were 33,570 households with at least one crop garden, and of these, 10,788 households sold some of these crops over a twelve-month period.[155]. [161], Trade in citizenship for investment has been an increasingly significant revenue earner for Vanuatu in recent years. [89] A corruption investigation in 2015 resulted in the conviction of numerous MPs in Kilman's government for bribery, including former PM Moana Carcasses Kalosil. The records of the German Foreign Office and the German Navy were microfilmed by the Australian Joint Copying Project in London in 195… It includes the island of New Caledonia (the Grande Terre [Mainland]), where the capital, Nouméa, is located; the Loyalty Islands; the Bélep Islands; and the Île des Pins. [160] Males outnumber females; in 1999, according to the Vanuatu Statistics Office, there were 95,682 males and 90,996 females. [84] The new government was the first time the Green Confederation was in power, and the new Prime Minister, Moana Carcasses Kalosil, was the first non Ni-Vanuatu to hold the position (Kalosil is of mixed French-Tahitian ancestry and a naturalised Vanuatu citizen). 90% of Vanuatu households fish and consume fish, which has caused intense fishing pressure near villages and the depletion of near-shore fish species. Salwai in turn lost the 2020 Vanuatuan general election amidst allegations of perjury, bringing back in the VP under Bob Loughman as the country dealt with the aftermath of Cyclone Harold and the global Coronavirus pandemic. In 1513 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa's (1475–1519) expedition left the Caribbean side of the Isthmus of Panama and crossed westward to the Pacific Ocean side, becoming the first Europeans to see the Great South Sea. The UN Convention on the Law of the Seas states the different rights and regulations regarding specific nations’ rights to oceans. [14], Europeans did not return until 1768, when the French explorer Louis Antoine de Bougainville sailed by the islands on 22 May, naming them the Great Cyclades. Bulgarian businessman Vladimir Balanov that had expressed his wish to give Bulgaria its very own island in the Pacific Ocean has now established his own county. While well-vegetated, most islands show signs of deforestation. The Presbyterian Church in Vanuatu, adhered to by about one-third of the population, is the largest of them[167] and makes Vanuatu the most Presbyterian country in the world. Musical instruments consist mostly of idiophones: drums of various shape and size, slit gongs, stamping tubes, as well as rattles, among others. The nation in question can regulate use of this space for transportation, resources, use, and determine whether or not the practice of innocent passage is beneficial or detrimental to their own security. [72][73], Edward Natapei of the VP became Prime Minister in 2001 and went on to win the 2002 Vanuatuan general election. [62], Since then Vanuatuan politics have been unstable, seeing a series of fractious coalition governments and the use of no confidence votes resulting in frequent changes of prime ministers. Kiribati (pronounced Kiribas) is an independent republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, located in the central Pacific Ocean, about 4,000 km (about 2,500 mi) southwest of Hawaii. [32], French planters also began arriving, beginning with Ferdinand Chevillard on Efate in 1880, and later in larger numbers following the creation of the Compagnie Caledonienne des Nouvelles-Hébrides (CCNH) by John Higginson in 1882 (a fiercely pro-French Irishman), which soon tipped the balance in favour of French subjects. [14] The hostile response may have been partly to blame with the waves of illnesses and deaths the missionaries inadvertently brought with them. The Parliament of Vanuatu is unicameral and has 52 members,[114] who are elected by popular vote every four years unless earlier dissolved by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum or by a directive from the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. [12][13] These were almost certainly people of the Lapita culture, with the formerly widespread idea that Vanuatu was only marginally affected by this culture rendered obsolete by the numerous sites discovered in recent decades covering most islands in the archipelago, from the Banks Islands in the north to Aneityum in the south. Most island families grow food in their gardens, and food shortages are rare. [14][24], Relations with the Ni-Vanuatu were initially friendly, though due to poor treatment of the local people by the Spanish, the situation soon soured and turned violent. The ninth season of the reality TV series Survivor was filmed on Vanuatu, entitled Survivor: Vanuatu—Islands of Fire. Although manganese mining halted in 1978, there was an agreement in 2006 to export manganese already mined but not yet exported. Kalosil instituted a review of the sale of diplomatic passports and publicly declared his support for the West Papua independence movement, a move supported by former PMs Kilman and Carlot Korman. [58] This failed, and Lini became increasingly distrustful of his VP colleagues, firing anyone he deemed to be disloyal. [32] In 1971 Father Walter Lini established another party - the New Hebrides Cultural Association, later renamed the New Hebrides National Party (NHNP) - also focused on achieving independent and opposition to land expropriation. The islands have been logged, particularly of high-value timber, subjected to wide-scale slash-and-burn agriculture, and converted to coconut plantations and cattle ranches, and now show evidence of increased soil erosion and landslides. The precise reasons for this are unclear. Vanuatu culture retains a strong diversity through local regional variations and through foreign influence. Internet access is provided by Vodafone, Telsat Broadband, Digicel and Wantok using a variety of connection technologies. [162], The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is Bislama. [177][178] This local tradition is often compared to the modern practice of bungee jumping, which developed in New Zealand in the 1980s. Although the oceans are technically viewed as international zones, meaning no one country has jurisdiction over it all, there are regulations in place to help keep the peace and to essentially divide responsibility for the world’s oceans to various entities or countries around the world. The Country & Geographic Location. Destination Solomon Islands, a virtual guide to this Melanesian islands state in the South Pacific Ocean, east of Papua New Guinea, formerly known as the British Solomon Islands. Of the 58 M7 or greater events that occurred between 1909 and 2001, few were studied. [144] Tourism has been promoted, in part, by Vanuatu being the site of several reality-TV shows. Jurisdictional provisions allow a nation to put their rules and regulations regarding the uses of that specific portion of the ocean. As of 17 March 2015[update] the United Nations said the official death toll was 11 (six from Efate and five from Tanna), and 30 were reported injured; these numbers are expected to rise as more remote islands are reached. but also for the passage of foreign nations both by sea and air, privy to the regulations of the host country. Vanuatu has been divided into six provinces since 1994. In the centre, more traditional Melanesian cultural systems dominate. [43][44] Meanwhile the Condominium government returned, though understaffed and underfunded, it struggled to reassert its authority. [153] Total imports of 20,472 million vatu included industrial materials (4,261), food and drink (3,984), machinery (3,087), consumer goods (2,767), transport equipment (2,125), fuels and lubricants (187) and other imports (4,060). New Caledonia, French Nouvelle-Calédonie, French unique collectivity in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, about 900 miles (1,500 km) east of Australia. Vanuatu (English: /ˌvɑːnuˈɑːtuː/ (listen) VAH-noo-AH-too or /vænˈwɑːtuː/ van-WAH-too; Bislama and French pronunciation [vanuatu]), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu; Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. There were frequent attempts by the opposition to unseat Natapei via the use of no confidence votes - though unsuccessful, he was briefly removed on a procedural technicality in November 2009, an action that was then overturned by the Chief Justice. [96] Rainfall averages about 2,360 millimetres (93 in) per year but can be as high as 4,000 millimetres (160 in) in the northern islands. {cn|date=August 2020}}, The provinces are in turn divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council.[134]. The anglophone Vanua'aku Pati identifies as socialist and anti-colonial. [146], Raising cattle leads to beef production for export. With demand from the Chinese market booming, passport sales may now account for more than 30% of the country's revenue. [27][32] The underfunded Condominium government proved dysfunctional, with the duplication of administrations making effective governance difficult and time-consuming. It combines guitars, ukulele, and popular songs. Rate 5 stars Rate 4 stars Rate 3 stars Rate 2 stars Rate 1 star . [75][76][77] Lini switched back recognition to the People's Republic of China and the PRC remains a major aid donor to the Vanuatu government. In addition, 113 indigenous languages, all of which are Southern Oceanic languages except for three outlier Polynesian languages, are spoken in Vanuatu. [11], Owing to the lack of any written sources prior to European colonisation, the prehistory of Vanuatu is obscure. This means that there are many islands with no police presence, and many parts of islands where getting to a police post can take several days. Near average number of tropical cyclones likely in the western Pacific Ocean. The islands have a combined area of 28,896 km², compared it is about the size of Albania, or slightly smaller than the US state of Maryland. However the Chief Justice then overturned Kilman's victory, with Natapei returning to power for 10 days, at which point the Parliament voted in Kilman once more. The UK High Commission to Vanuatu, located in Port Vila, was re-opened in the summer of 2019 as part of the UK Government's 'Pacific Uplift' strategy. [164] The density of languages, per capita, is the highest of any nation in the world,[165] with an average of only 2,000 speakers per language. [10] Together the two words indicate the independent status of the country. They are found in the northern part of the western Oceanic sub-region of Micronesia, and are politically divided into two jurisdictions of the United States: the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and, at the southern end of the chain, the territory of Guam. [157] In 2015, Vanuatu was ranked the 84th most economically free country by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. In the 1880s, France and the United Kingdom claimed parts of the archipelago, and in 1906, they agreed on a framework for jointly managing the archipelago as the New Hebrides through an Anglo–French condominium. [85][86][87][88] Kalosil was ousted in yet another confidence vote in 2014, with the VP returning under Joe Natuman, who himself was ousted the following year in a confidence vote led by Kilman, angered at being fired from his position of Foreign Affairs Minister. [149], Earthquakes can negatively affect economic activity on the island nation. [citation needed] The population is predominantly rural, but Port Vila and Luganville have populations in the tens of thousands. [62] Financial scandals dogged both Korman and Vohor, with the latter implicated in a scheme to sell Vanuatuan passports to foreigners. [14] Presbyterian missionaries proved particularly successful on Aneityum, though less so on Tanna, with missionaries being repeatedly chased off the island by locals throughout the 1840s-60s. [32] Despite this the British and French still dominated the politics of the colony, with an Advisory Council set up in 1957 containing some Ni-Vanuatu representation having little power. [32] Performing less well than expected, the Moderates disputed the results. [32] Whilst this resulted in some improvements, labour abuses continued and Ni-Vanuatu were barred from acquiring the citizenship of either power, being officially stateless. [32] The NNDP first came to prominence in 1971, when the Condominium government was forced to intervene after a rash of land speculation by foreign nationals. Villages also have male- and female-only sections. The less significant groups are the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of Christ,[168] Neil Thomas Ministries (NTM), Jehovah's Witnesses, and others. The Y-shaped chain of fourteen main islands between the South Pacific Ocean and the Coral Sea is of volcanic origin and home to several active volcanoes. [32], From 1839 onwards missionaries, both Roman Catholic and Protestant, arrived on the islands. In the south, a system involving grants of title with associated privileges has developed.[164]. The Cook Islands (Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand.It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi). [62][65] The government struggled however with splits within their NUP coalition partner and a series of strikes within the Civil Service in 1993-4, the latter dealt with by a wave of firings. [126] In addition to the two command stations there were four secondary police stations and eight police posts. Since a private monopoly generates power, "electricity costs are among the highest in the Pacific" among developing countries. [99] The shoreline is mostly rocky with fringing reefs and no continental shelf, dropping rapidly into the ocean depths.[96]. There are no indigenous large mammals. Down-to-earth country music fan Rob Holding is a man who does things his own way By Sam Dean 21 Jan 2021, 8:00am Live FTSE set to rise ahead of ECB meeting – live updates [21], This linguistic hyperdiversity resulted from a number of factors: continuing waves of migration, the existence of numerous decentralised and generally self-sufficient communities, hostilities between people groups, with none able to dominate any of the others, and the difficult geography of Vanuatu that impeded inter- and intra-island travel and communication. [34] When international cotton prices collapsed after the ending of the American Civil War, they switched to coffee, cocoa, bananas, and, most successfully, coconuts. [32] The inadequate mission-run school system was taken over and improved, with primary enrolment greatly increasing to be near-universal by 1970. [58][69][70] However Kalpokas lasted only a year, resigning when threatened with a no confidence vote, being replaced by Barak Sopé of the MPP in 1999, who himself was unseated in a confidence vote in 2001. Elizabeth Borneman | August 12, 2020October 21, 2014 | Human Geography. The indigenous inhabitants of the Pacific Islands are referred to as Pacific Islanders. [132][133] The names in English of all provinces are derived from the initial letters of their constituent islands: Provinces are autonomous units with their own popularly elected local parliaments known officially as provincial councils. [120], In 2018, newspaper reports from Australia indicated growing concern about the level of Chinese investment in Vanuatu, with over 50% of the country's debt of $440 million owed to China. [22] The geological record also shows that a huge volcanic eruption occurred on Ambrym in circa 200 AD and on Kuwae in c. 1452-53 AD, which would have devastated local populations and likely resulted in further population movements. [96] One estimate, made in 2005, is that only 9% of land is used for agriculture (7% with permanent crops, plus 2% considered arable). The most practiced sport in Vanuatu is football. Given this information, the lowest salinity is found in the extreme northern areas of the ocean (3.2 percent) and the highest occurs in the southeast, where the water reaches up to 3.7 percent. United Nations Moves to Oversee World’s Oceans. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is 1,750 kilometres (1,090 mi) east of northern Australia, 540 kilometres (340 mi) northeast of New Caledonia, east of New Guinea, southeast of the Solomon Islands, and west of Fiji. [32][55] In May an abortive Moderate rebellion broke out on Tanna, in the course of which one of their leaders was shot and killed. 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_privatization, http://www.uni-muenster.de/PeaCon/global-texte/whoowns/WhoOwnstheWorldsOceans.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters. [96], Many upland watersheds are being deforested and degraded, and fresh water is becoming increasingly scarce. [18] They brought with them crops such as yam, taro and banana, as well as domesticated animals such as pigs and chickens. [101] It is part of the Australasian realm, which includes New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands, Australia, New Guinea and New Zealand. [38] In order to forestall this, from May 1942 US troops were stationed on the islands, where they built airstrips, roads, military bases on Efate and Espiritu Santo, and an array of other supporting infrastructure. [169][170], Because of the modern goods that the military in the Second World War brought with them when they came to the islands, several cargo cults developed. [166], Christianity is the predominant religion in Vanuatu, consisting of several denominations. Additionally, the lack of employment opportunities in industry and inaccessibility to markets have combined to lock rural families into a subsistence or self-reliance mode, putting tremendous pressure on local ecosystems. The atoll of Wake Island is located in the central Pacific Ocean, approximately 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) to the west-southwest of Hawaii and 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) to the northwest of Guam. Violent confrontations occurred between VP and Moderate supporters on several islands. Wilson.[106]. [32] Hospitals were built, doctors trained and immunisation campaigns carried out. The papers of A.B. [12] Also on Éfaté, and the adjacent islands of Lelepa and Eretoka, are sites associated with the 16th-17th century chief Roy Mata (possibly a title held by different men over several generations), who is said to have united local clans and instituted an era of peace. Jurisdictional provision refers to a particular nation’s obligation to care for the ocean, its resources, and its use as a mode of transportation within certain reaches of its coastal shores. [32] Ni-Vanuatu began gradually to take over more positions of power and influence within the economy and the church. by jpostowicz Plays Quiz not verified by Sporcle . The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth. [24], The French landed on Ambae, trading with the native people in a peaceful manner, though Bougainville stated that they were later attacked, necessitating him to fire warning shots with his muskets, before his crew left and continued their voyage. [14][24], In 1789 William Bligh and the remainder of his crew sailed through the Banks Islands on their return voyage to Timor following the 'Mutiny on the Bounty'; Bligh later returned to the islands, naming them after his benefactor Joseph Banks. The region is rich in sea life, with more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs and a large diversity of marine fishes. Vanuatu , officially the Republic of Vanuatu (French: République de Vanuatu; Bislama: Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country located in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and coral atolls in Melanesia. According to the 2009 census, Vanuatu has a population of 243,304. One controversy over the EEZs has been to determine what constitutes enough of an island to have its own EEZ. Several ancient burial sites exist, most notable Teouma on Éfaté, which contains a large cemetery site containing 94 individuals. There are few prominent ni-Vanuatu authors. The Prime Minister, who is the head of government, is elected by a majority vote of a three-quarters quorum of the Parliament. The nation's largest towns are the capital Port Vila, on Efate, and Luganville on Espiritu Santo. [96], The national dish of Vanuatu is the laplap.[176]. In northern Vanuatu, feasts are graded through the nimangki-system. [83] Kilman managed to remain in office for two years, before being ousted in March 2013. Besides national authorities and figures, Vanuatu also has high-placed people at the village level. In 1520 three ships commanded by Ferdinand Magellan (1480?–1521) sailed out of the stormy passage of the strait at the southern tip of South America into the Pacific Ocean and named it the peaceful, calm, quiet ocean. [63][64] Opposition to Lini's tight grip on power grew and in 1987, after he had suffered a stroke whilst on a visit to the United States, a section of the VP under Barak Sopé broke off to form a new party (the Melanesian Progressive Party, MPP), and an attempt was made by President Ati George Sokomanu to unseat Lini. [96] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 8.82/10, ranking it 18th globally out of 172 countries.[103]. The top flight league is the VFF National Super League while the Port Vila Football League is another important competition. Vanuatu's total area is roughly 12,274 square kilometres (4,739 sq mi),[98] of which its land surface is very limited (roughly 4,700 square kilometres (1,800 sq mi)). 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